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Status Report on Space Tour Vehicle "Kankoh-maru" of Japanese Rocket Society

A Draft of Safety Standard for Designing Space Tour Vehicles

Table 1 Applicability of air-worthiness to space tour vehicles

Y
: totally or partially applicable
m
: modified or newly defined
×
: not applicable
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Airworthiness Standards Applicability to Space Tour Vehicle
Transport Category Airplanes - Type T Vertical Take-off and Vertical Landing Type ( VTVL)
Items Contents
Chapt. 1 General
1-1Definition Definition of airplane type m Vehicle types are to be defined according to launch and landing configuration
Chapt. 2 Flight
2-1General Proof compliance by test or analysis Y  
Load distribution limit Y  
Max. and min. operational weight Y  
Allowable center of gravity travel certified by measurement Y  
Removable ballast Y  
Propeller speed and pitch angle limit × No propeller system
2-2(Preparatory)  
2-3Performance Flight configuration and environmental condition for engine performance Y  
Stall Vs(CAS) performance × No aerodynamic stall
Take-off condition Y  
Decision speed V1, safety speed V2, rotation speed Vr and lift-off speed Vlof m Safe lift-off conditions are to be defined by acceleration
Termination distance in case of engine failure during take-off × No acceleration runway
Take-off distance defined by 1.25Vs at 1500ft altitude and V2 at 35ft altitude m Vertical lift-off threshold are to be newly defined
Touch and go flight m Abort flight is to be defined
Safe velocity-altitude flight envelope m Hovering is to be included
2-4Controllability and Maneuverability Longitudinal controllability m Pilot's task is to be certified concerning autonomous flight control system
Lateral and directional controllability Y  
Min. controllable speed × No aerodynamic stall
2-5Trim Attitude trim capability Y  
2-6Stability Longitudinal lateral/directional stability including pilot's handling qualities Y  
2-7Stalls Requirements of propulsion system and aerodynamic surfaces for stall capability × No aerodynamic stall
2-8Ground and Water Handling Characteristics Stability of take-off and landing on ground and water × No ground roll and water roll
2-9Miscellaneous Flight Requirements Vibration, buffet, high speed characteristics, stability of out-of-trim condition Y  
Chapt. 3 Structure
3.1General Limit and ultimate load Y  
Margin of safety Y  
No permanent deformation within limit load and fracture allowed after 3 seconds applying ultimate load Y  
Requirement of structure analysis and ground structure test Y  
3.2Flight loads Definition of flight load Y  
Velocity and load envelope m Load condition acceleration in terms of ground speed or flight Mach number are to be required
Definition of design speed, such as cruise, dive, maneuver, gust and deflection of control surfaces m Design speeds are to be tailored for take-off, ascend, reentry, terminal flight and landing
3.3Maneuver and Gust Loads Maneuver including longitudinal and lateral/directional flight and gust load limit Y  
Fuel load hydraulic load Y  
High lift device × No high lift devices
3.4Supplementary Conditions Propulsion torque and load including engine failure mode Y  
Cabin pressure load Y  
Gyro load × No revolutional devices
Load of speed control devices Y  
3.5Control Surface and System Loads Load condition of aerodynamic control surfaces, trim tab, flap, slat, spoiler etc m Complete fly-by-wire or light system is to be required
Chapt. 4 Design and Construction
3.6Ground Loads Definition of landing configuration, such as nose gear touch down, tail gear touch down Y  
Landing gear position Y  
Nose and tail wheel yawing m No difference in nose and tail wheel
Take-off ground roll and braking × No take-off ground roll
Towing loads Y  
3.7Water Loads Take-off and landing on water of sea plane × No take-off and landing on water
Floating device load × No floating devices
3.8Emergency Landing Conditions Requirement of design strength and ground test for emergency landing Y  
Equipment certification for emergency landing on water Y  
3.9Fatigue Evaluation Design requirement of ground verification process for failure and fatigue Y  
3.10Lightening Certification against catastrophic lightning Y  
4.1General Suitability of materials, fabrication methods and fasteners Y  
Protection against structure deterioration Y  
Accessibility provisions m Cyclic thermal loads, out gas characteristics and radiation worthiness are to be taken into account
Material strength properties and design value Y  
Design factors : special factors, casting factors, bearing factors, fitting factors Y  
Flutter, deformation and fail-safe criteria Y  
Bird strike damage m Protection against debris damage are to be considered
4.2Control Surfaces Proof of strength by tests Y  
Installation suitability and reliability of hinges Y  
4.3Control Systems Reliability and fail safe of stability augmentation and automatic and power-operated systems Y  
Two-control airplanes × No two-control system
Reliability of mechanical stops Y  
Protection against inadvertent trim system operation Y  
Limit load test and operational test Y  
Approval cable system and safety factor of joints Y  
Lift and drag devices, controls, indicator and flap interconnection × No lift and drag devices, and flap system
Requirement of take-off waning system Y  
4.4Landing Gear Shock absorption test, and limit drop test are required Y  
Certification of landing gear retraction mechanism Y  
Wheels, tires, brakes and skis × No wheels, tires, brakes and skis
4.5Floats and Hulls Float and hulls design for water plane × No operation on water
4.6Personnel and Cargo Accommodations Pilot compartment comfort and visibility from the doors Y  
Safety standard and strength verification of windshields, windows, doors and floor surfaces Y  
Cockpit controls, motion/effects and knob shape Y  
Seats, berths, safety belts and harness Y  
Requirement of stowage compartment Y  
Retention of items of mass in passenger and crew compartment and galley Y  
Passenger information sign Y  
4.7Emergency Provisions Requirement of landing equipment on water Y  
Safety design of crew and passenger exits, marking and lighting Y  
Emergency exit access requirements, such as aisle width, max. number of seats abreast Y  
Requirement of lower deck service compartment Y  
4.8Ventilation and Heating Requirement of ventilation, ozone density, and air conditioning m ECLSS (Environmental control and life support system) is to be required for closed environment in orbit
4.9Pressurization Pressurization requirement and tests for certification Y  
4.10Fire Protection Requirement of fire extinguishers, compartment interiors, cargo and baggage compartments Y  
Definition of cargo compartment classification Y  
Requirement of cargo compartment fire detection system Y  
Fire protection of combustion heater, flight controls, engine mounts, other flight structure and flammable fluid Y  
4.11Miscellaneous Leveling means for determination of level position on ground Y  
Reinforcement near propellers × No propellers
Chapt. 5 Powerplant
5.1General Definition of power plant installation Y  
Requirement of Isolation, controllability and restart capability Y  
Definition of propellers systems, vibration, clearance, deicing, reversing, drag limitation × No propeller system
Turbine engine operation characteristics certified by flight tests m Defined for rocket propulsion
Inlet, engine, and exhaust compatibility m Engine exhaust compatibility with airframe is to be clarified
No hazardous malfunction by negative acceleration Y  
Requirement of thrust and power augmentation Y  
5.2Fuel System Fuel system analysis and test requirement m Reliable fuel supply system for limited cryogenic propellant is to be considered
Fuel system independence m Complete independence and redundant propellant supply system is unrealistic
Assurance of complete fuel flow Y  
Flow between interconnected tanks Y  
Establishment of unusable fuel quantity m Requirement of high heat load condition during reentry is to be established
Fuel system hot weather operation m Tailoring is needed for cryogenic propulsion
Fuel tank system : tests, installations, expansion space, sump, filler connection, vents, carburetor vapor vents, outlet, fuelling system and temperature Y  
5.3Fuel System Components Fuel system components : pumps, lines, fitting, valves, filter, drains m Tailoring is needed for cryogenic propulsion
Jettisoning system for go-around flight × Propellant combustion by engine is more effective than jettisoning in case of abort flight
5.4Oil System Oil system : tanks, tests, lines, fittings, filter, drains, radiators, valves, propeller feathering system m In addition to oil cooling system, pre-cooling for engine and fuel supply system using cryogenic propellant is to be specified
5.5Cooling Cooling system : components, tests Y  
5.6Induction System Air induction system for engine and auxiliary power unit × No air-breathing engine
5.7Exhaust System Exhaust system for engine and auxiliary power unit × No air-breathing engine
5.8Power Plant Controls and Accessories Auxiliary power controls, engine controls, ignition switches and mixture controls Y  
Propeller speed and pitch controls, feathering controls and reverse thrust × No propeller and trust reversal system
Fuel jettisoning system controls × No fuel jettisoning system
Carburetor air temperature controls, supercharger controls, power plant accessories, engine ignition systems, accessory gear boxes Y  
Designated fire zones Y  
Flammable fluids and fluid-carrying components Y  
Drainage and ventilation of fire zones, shutoff means, firewalls Y  
Cowling and nacelle skin × No air-breathing engine
5.9Power Plant Fire Protection Fire extinguishing agents, containers, system materials Y  
Fire detector system Y  
Chapt. 6 Equipment
6-1General Definition of function and installation Y  
Flight and navigation instruments, power plant instrument Y  
Miscellaneous equipment : seat, electrical protective devices, two systems for radio navigation, wind shield wiper, ignition switch m Requirements of miscellaneous equipment are to be modified for rocket vehicle
Equipment, systems and installations, and certification procedure by analysis and tests Y  
6-2Instruments : Installation Arrangement and visibility Y  
Equipment : airspeed indicating system, static pressure systems, magnetic direction indicator, automatic pilot system, instruments using a power supply, instrument systems power plant instruments Y  
6-3Electrical Systems and Equipment Requirements of electrical system capacity, generating system, external power and operation without normal electircal power Y  
Electrical equipment and installations, distribution system, circuit protective devices and electrical system fire and smoke protection Y  
Test requirement Y  
6-4Lights Requirements of instrument lights, landing lights, position light system dihedral angles, distribution and intensities Y  
Minimum and maximum light intensities of forward and rear position, in the horizontal plane, in the vertical plane and in overlapping beams Y  
Color specifications Y  
Riding light and wing icing detection lights × No riding on water and no wing
Anti-collision light system Y  
6-5Safety Equipment Accessibility, stowage signaling device, life preserver stowage provisions, life line stowage provisions Y  
Safety belts Y  
Ditching equipment Y  
Pneumatic de-icer boot system and ice protection m Electrical de-icer and ice protection system will be require
6-6Hydraulic Systems Protective breathing equipment, oxygen equipment and supply, minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen, minimum mass flow of supplemental oxygen, equipment standards for the oxygen distribution system and oxygen dispensing unit, means for determining use of oxygen, chemical oxygen generators and fire protection for oxygen equipment m ECLSS (Environmental control and life support system) is required for closed environment in orbit
6-7Miscellaneous Equipment Design requirement, tests and fire protection Y  
Requirement of electrical equipment Y  
Vacuum systems × No vacuum system
Pressurization and pneumatic systems Y  
Draining of fluids subject to freezing Y  
Cockpit voice recorders, voice recorders and equipment containing high energy rotors Y  
Chapt. 7 Operating Limitations and Information
7-1General Establishment of operation limitations other information necessary for safe operation Y  
7-2Operating Limitations Establishment of speed limitations : Airspeed limitations, maximum operating limit speed, maneuvering speed, flap extended speed, minimum control speed, landing gear speeds Y  
Weight, center of gravity and weight distribution limitations Y  
Power plant and auxiliary power unit limitations Y  
Minimum flight crew Y  
Kinds of operation Y  
Maximum operation altitude × Operation altitude is up to orbit
Maneuvering flight load factor Y  
7-3Marking and Placards Special marking or placards are required for specified instruments : airspeed limitation information, magnetic direction indicator, power plant and auxiliary power unit instruments, oil quantity indicator, fuel quantity indicator, control marking Y  
7-4Airplane Flight Manual Furnishing information : operating limitation, operating procedures, performance information Y  

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